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Static Heat Energy Balance Mathematical Model for an Iron Blast Furnace
Ayush Bhattacharya,
Sadhasivam Muthusamy
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 5, September 2017
Pages:
57-67
Received:
29 August 2017
Accepted:
11 September 2017
Published:
10 October 2017
Abstract: In this study a static heat energy balance analysis has been carried out for an iron blast furnace. The objective of this work is to provide a mathematical calculation model of the heat distributions for the various components of the blast furnace. The model presented, is also indicative to the amount of excess fuel being charged. To prepare a proper heat balance, the first step is to attain a proper mass balance calculation. To do so, each input and output materials has been analysed, and the respective elemental compositions have been calculated. All major components and reactions of a blast furnace have been included in the study. Each calculation has been done with sufficient details, to allow estimation of heat requirements, according to the working conditions of a blast furnace.
Abstract: In this study a static heat energy balance analysis has been carried out for an iron blast furnace. The objective of this work is to provide a mathematical calculation model of the heat distributions for the various components of the blast furnace. The model presented, is also indicative to the amount of excess fuel being charged. To prepare a prop...
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Accumulation of Lead, Cadmium and Iron in Topsoil of Ori-Ile Battery Waste Dumpsite and Surrounding Gradient Point Areas at Olodo, Ibadan, Nigeria
Afolayan Adedotun Onoyinka,
Hassan Amusat Titilayo
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 5, September 2017
Pages:
68-78
Received:
25 August 2017
Accepted:
11 September 2017
Published:
23 October 2017
Abstract: The disposal of waste is proving to be a major public health issue and a vital factor affecting the quality of the environment especially in the developing countries. Battery waste consists of toxic heavy metals and its incongruous disposal on the Ori-Ile battery waste dumpsite at Olodo, Ibadan has elicited public health concerns. This study was designed to determine the concentration of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and iron (Fe) within the topsoil of Ori-Ile battery waste dumpsite and surrounding gradient point areas at Olodo, Ibadan, Nigeria. An auto-battery Waste Dumpsite (WD), Ori-Ile, Olodo was purposively selected for the study. One hundred and thirty six (136) soil samples were collected every two months (March 2008 to July 2009) from the waste dumpsite and along the along North, South, East and West (N, S, E, W) directions at 5 m intervals from the edge of the wastedump site. Control soil samples were collected from Moor Plantation (MP), Ibadan. All soil samples collected were analyzed for Pb, Cd, and Fe. Mean concentrations of Pb, Cd and Fe concentration (mg/kg) in topsoil from the waste dumpsite was Pb: 4273.8±1436.7, Cd: 258.4±123.1, Fe: 7910.0±791.5 while that from North was Pb: 4693.8±1107.9, Cd: 274.3±94.8, Fe: 8346.7±740.0; South was Pb: 4353.3±867.0, Cd: 255.2±71.4, Fe: 8189.6± 603.5; East was Pb: 4351.3±832.9, Cd: 248.2±65.6, Fe: 8130.0±639.5; West was Pb: 4698.3±1020.8, Cd: 278.4±86.9, Fe: 7851.3±676.8 respectively. These were significantly higher than values obtained from the reference soil (157.0±39.8, 2.2±1.2, 976.3±353.9 mg/kg respectively) and National Environmental Standard Regulation Agency (NESREA) limits (164mgPb/kg and 50mgCd/kg). Also, soil contamination factor values obtained were greater than 6 and this indicated severe contamination. Overall, these results have shown that the levels of Pb, Cd and Fe in all sampled topsoil were several folds above the limits set by NESREA. High accumulation of heavy metals was found in the topsoil of Ori-Ile battery waste dumpsite, Olodo, Ibadan and its surroundings and this could lead to further contamination of surface water, ground water and living organisms within this polluted sites. The health of all living biota within the area could also be negatively impacted.
Abstract: The disposal of waste is proving to be a major public health issue and a vital factor affecting the quality of the environment especially in the developing countries. Battery waste consists of toxic heavy metals and its incongruous disposal on the Ori-Ile battery waste dumpsite at Olodo, Ibadan has elicited public health concerns. This study was de...
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Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Soil Using Modified BCR Sequential Extraction
Hafsat Tukur Rumah,
Labaran Salihu,
Baba Bukar Alhaji
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 5, September 2017
Pages:
79-82
Received:
7 September 2017
Accepted:
22 September 2017
Published:
23 October 2017
Abstract: Recent studies have shown that strong acid digestions for the determination of heavy metals in soils and sediments can be misleading when assessing environmental effects. Therefore, this study adopted the use of modified community bureau of reference (BCR) sequential extraction scheme in order to overcome the limitation. The physicochemical properties of the soil such as pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and soil organic matter (SOM) were determined. The pH, CEC and SOM were found to be 5.90, 0.0023 cmol/kg and 99.8% respectively. The concentrations of the heavy metals in the solution were also measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Pseudo total metal content in the soil (aqua-reqia digestions) for cadmium, lead, chromium, nickel, zinc and copper were 0.12, 0.74, 0.48, 0.26, 15.9 and 11.0 mg/kg respectively. These concentrations are within the World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limit in agricultural soils. The heavy metals were partitioned into four fractions (exchangeable, reducible, oxidizable and residual fractions) in the soil using modified BCR sequential extraction. Cd, Zn and Cu were predominantly in the first two fractions, thus, mobile and bioavailable for plant uptake, while Pb, Cr and Ni were found in the last two fractions (less mobile and immobile residual fractions). Thus, Cd, Zn and Cu may pose high environmental risk. The results indicate the reliability of the Modified BCR scheme in risk assessment of heavy metals in soils.
Abstract: Recent studies have shown that strong acid digestions for the determination of heavy metals in soils and sediments can be misleading when assessing environmental effects. Therefore, this study adopted the use of modified community bureau of reference (BCR) sequential extraction scheme in order to overcome the limitation. The physicochemical propert...
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Water Quality Investigation by Physicochemical Parameters of Drinking Water of Selected Areas of Kureken Sani, Kumbotso Local Government Area of Kano
Aminu Sharif Hassan,
Isma'il Bello Abubakar,
Auwalu Musa,
Murtala Tijjani Limanchi
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 5, September 2017
Pages:
83-86
Received:
2 September 2017
Accepted:
20 September 2017
Published:
26 October 2017
Abstract: There are different sources through which groundwater becomes contaminated and these includes organic wastes, industrial effluents, urban runoff, agricultural activities, geological factors as well as others. Kureken Sani is a newly developed residential area with scattered settlements. The purpose of this research was to analysed the physicochemical parameters from the area and to compare with the standards given by World Health Organization (WHO) and Nigeria Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ). Three samples were collected from different locations for the analysis. The parameters analyzed are pH, temperature, Total dissolved solids, Total suspended solids, Suspended solid, Electrical conductivity, Alkalinity, Mg2+, Ca2+, colour, free Co2, turbidity, Total hardness and Chloride. The results indicated that all the parameters analyzed are within the permissible limits recommended by World Health Organization (WHO) and Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) with exception of turbidity level at YS sampling station, Mg2+ concentration at DS and YS sampling point and total hardness from sampling point DS.
Abstract: There are different sources through which groundwater becomes contaminated and these includes organic wastes, industrial effluents, urban runoff, agricultural activities, geological factors as well as others. Kureken Sani is a newly developed residential area with scattered settlements. The purpose of this research was to analysed the physicochemic...
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